Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a viabilidade econômica de implantação de quatro modelos de sistema de produção de bovinos de corte. Foram considerados os sistemas: média da bacia hidrográfica do rio Vermelho, sistema de baixo consumo de suplemento concentrado, sistema de baixo consumo de suplemento com terminação em confinamento e sistema intensivo a pasto, com suplementação nos períodos de águas e de seca. Investimentos foram estimados conforme o nível de tecnificação de cada sistema. A análise de viabilidade econômica do projeto foi realizada com uso do valor presente líquido e a taxa interna de retorno, considerando-se a taxa mínima de atratividade equivalente ao juro real da poupança (6,17%). Por meio da margem bruta, margem líquida e taxa de lucratividade foi avaliada a permanência no setor, caso os sistemas já estejam instalados. Todos os sistemas apresentaram margem bruta, líquida e lucratividade que evidenciam a sustentabilidade econômica no curto e longo prazo, caso estejam implantados. No entanto, ao analisar o projeto para entrada no setor, apenas os sistemas de baixo consumo de suplemento concentrado e sistema intensivo a pasto apresentam viabilidade econômica.

Abstract: The present study evaluates the economic viability of four different models of beef cattle production in the rio Vermelho hydrographic basin. The study focuses on the traditional extensive ranching system, which was compared to three intensive systems, one based on low levels of concentrated supplementation, a second with low levels of concentrated supplementation and confinement for fattening and an intensive grazing system, with supplementation during the dry and rainy seasons. The investments were estimated for the different levels of technical specifications of each system. The net present values and internal return rate were used for the assessment of the economic viability of the project, considering the minimum rate of attractiveness, equivalent to the inflation-adjusted savings interest rate (6.17%). The continuity of the sector was evaluated based on the gross and net margins, and profitability rates, where the system is already installed. All four systems had gross and net margins and profitability consistent with their economic sustainability over both the short and long terms. However, only two systems (reduced consumption of concentrated supplements and the intensive grazing system) were economically viable as start-ups.

The objective of this study was to estimate requirements of energy, protein and macrominerals of young Nellore/Holstein crossbreds bulls supplemented on pastures of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. Thirty-five young bulls, at 8.53±0.18 months of age and with initial body weight of 230.6±6.1 kg were used. Ten animals were slaughtered as reference, in different weight range, and the other animals were slaughtered at the end of the experimental period. For estimate of net energy requirements for weight, a regression equation between log of retained energy (RE) and log of empty body weight gain (EBWG) was constructed. Net requirements of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K were determined by the equation Y' = a.b.Xb-1, in which a and b represent the intercept and the coefficient of equation of prediction of macrominerals in body content, respectively. Requirements of metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were obtained from retained energy in function of metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The requirements of MEm of Nellore/Holstein crossbreds young bulls on pasture was 125 kcal/EBW0.75/day. The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (k) of grazing Nellore/Holstein crossbred young mbulls was 0.58 and 0.24 for gain. The total metabolizable protein requirements for an animal with 400 kg and with average daily gain of 1.0 kg, were 638.36 g/day. The dietetic requirements of Ca and P for an animal with 400 kg BW were 0.49 and 0.21% of DM, respectively. Daily metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance of grazing Nellore/Holstein crossbred young bulls was 11.6% greater than the values found for cattle in feedlot in Brazil (112 kcal/kg EBW0.75).

The objective of this study was to determine requirements of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) for grazing zebu bovines. The experiment area was composed of Brachiaria decumbens paddocks. Twenty-seven non-castrated animals, with initial live weight of 311.0 kg and at an average age of 14 months were used. Three animals were slaughtered, after adaptation period, so they were used as control for estimates of empty body weight and initial body composition of animals in the experiment. Out of the 24 remaining animals, four were sent to the maintenance group with restrict grazing time to limit energy intake close to the maintenance level. The other 20 animals were distributed in four treatments: mineral mixture, self-control intake and three-times-a-week-offer frequency (offered on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays) and daily. Concentrations of all studied macro elements in empty body and empty body gain decreased as live weight increased. The ratios obtained for g Ca/100 g of retained protein and g P/100 g of retained protein were 9.18 and 4.72, respectively. Total dietary requirement of calcium was lower than the one recommended by NRC (2000), but P requirement was very close to that.

This trial was conducted to evaluate the quantitative carcass traits of Nellore, F1 Simmental × Nellore and F1 Angus × Nellore steers fed at maintenance level or ad libitum with 1% and 2% of the body weight in concentrate. The animals were allotted to the treatments in a completely randomized experimental design, in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. The animals fed the ad libitum diet with more concentrate had greater cold carcass weight, cold carcass yield and longissimus muscle area/100 kg of cold carcass weight when compared with animals fed the diet with low concentrate allowance. There was no difference between the ad libitum diets for all of the carcass cuts yields, except for top sirloin. Crossbred animals had cold carcass yield larger than the Nellore animals. F1 Angus × Nellore animals had greater rib fat thickness and smaller longissimus muscle area/100 kg than the F1 Simmental × Nellore cattle. The yield of commercial carcass cuts was not influenced by genetic group, except for the shoulder clod yield, which was smaller in crossbred animals compared with Nellore animals. The longissimus muscle area, rib fat thickness and rump fat, taken by ultrasound were influenced by the body weight of the animals. Crossbred animals fed diets with higher concentrate level produce carcasses most suitable for the requirements of the market.

The study assessed performance, microbial protein synthesis, intake and digestibility of nutrients by beef heifers receiving levels of multiple supplements or nitrogen salt, in a self-controlled intake, on pasture, during the dry season. Thirty-five beef heifers, from 6 to 9 months of age and average initial body weight of 203.4 + 4.5 kg, were used. Study factors were: control - mineral mixture; nitrogen salt - 50% of urea + mineral mixture, at proportion of 1:1, and 50% of corn (75% of crude protein); levels of multiple supplementation - multiple supplements with different percentages of intake controller mixture (urea + mineral mixture, at the proportion of 1:1), corn and soybean meal (45% of crude protein). Supplement consumptions observed were: 115, 173, 572 and 1214 g/animal/day for animals fed on nitrogen salt, low, medium and high levels of multiple supplement, respectively. Supplemented animals had greater average daily gain, evidencing the positive linear effect of the levels of multiple supplementation on average daily gain. Overall, there were no significant differences between average daily gain of animals fed on multiple supplements or nitrogen salt. Supplementation increased the intake and digestibility of nutrients, except for digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, although the intake of digested neutral detergent fiber increased. Supplementation increased the production of microbial nitrogen as well as nitrogen losses in urine, although the quantity of nitrogen assimilated by bacteria, proportionally to intake, was higher. Supplementation improves nutritional parameters and weight gain.

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências de macrominerais de novilhos zebuínos em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens suplementada com concentrado. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos, não-castrados, com idade e pesos médio iniciais de 7 meses e 180 kg. Foram abatidos oito animais-referência para determinação da composição corporal inicial. Os 16 animais restantes foram divididos em quatro lotes de quatro animais, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Cada lote recebeu mistura mineral ou suplementos nos níveis de 0,75; 1,50 ou 2,25 kg/animal/dia. A meia-carcaça direita de oito animais, dois por grupo, foi dissecada em músculo, gordura e ossos e todos os constituintes do corpo foram pesados para determinação do peso de corpo vazio e da composição corporal. As exigências líquidas de cálcio e fósforo para um animal de 400 kg de peso corporal foram, respectivamente, 11,13 g e 5,40 g. Para estimar as exigências dietéticas de mantença e, posteriormente, somá-las às exigências dietéticas para ganho, no intuito de se obter as exigências dietéticas totais, foram adotadas as perdas endógenas e a biodisponibilidade presentes na literatura para cada macroelemento mineral. As exigências dietéticas totais de cálcio, fósforo, magnesium, sódio e potássio para um animal de 400 kg de PC com ganho diário de 1,0 kg foram, respectivamente, 34,59; 17,36; 7,82; 5,19 e 41,11 g/dia. As exigências em macrominerais de bovinos de corte sob suplementação a pasto são semelhantes às recomendadas pelo BR-Corte para bovinos de corte em confinamento.

The objective of this work was to determine macromineral requirements by Zebu steers grazing Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with concentrate. It was used 24 non-castrated steers, at an average age of 7 months and at initial average weight 180 kg. Eight control animals were slaughtered for determining initial body composition. The 16 remaining animals were divided in four four-animal plots, in a complete random design. Each plot received mineral mixture or supplements at the levels 0.75; 1.50 or 2.25 kg/animal/day. The right half-carcass of eight animals, two per group, was dissected in muscle, fat and bones and all body constituents were weighted for determination of empty body weight and body composition. Net requirements of calcium and phosphorus for an animal at 400 kg body weight were 11.13 g and 5.40 g, respectively. To estimate dietary requirements of maintenance and after, sum them to dietary requirements for gain in order to obtain total dietary requirements, it was adopted endogenous losses and bioavailability present in literature for each mineral macroelement. Total dietary requirement for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for a 400-kg BW animal with 1.0-kg daily weight gain were 34.59; 17.36; 7.82; 5.19 and 41.11 g/day, respectively. Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation are similar to those recommended by BR-Corte for beef cattle in feedlots.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente na recria de novilhas de corte em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf, sob suplementação com fontes de energia amilácea ou fibrosa durante o período da seca. Foram utilizadas 40 novilhas (20 da raça Nelore e 20 mestiças), recém-desmamadas, com 8,5 meses de idade e peso inicial de 197,9 ± 3,74 kg. Foram formulados dois suplementos: o primeiro à base de fubá de milho e farelo de soja (rico em amido) e o segundo, à base de farelo de trigo (rico em fibra), que foram ofertados nas quantidades de 0,5 ou 1,0 kg/animal/dia, em comparação à oferta de apenas mistura mineral (controle). Os animais foram distribuídos segundo delineamento de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 + 1, com duas fontes de energia e dois níveis de suplementação mais o controle; o grupo genético foi adotado como medida de controle local. O ganho médio diário de peso foi maior nos animais sob suplementação que naqueles que receberam apenas mistura mineral (0,198 vs 0,077 kg/animal/dia). Além disso, o desempenho dos animais sob suplementação com fonte amilácea de energia foi maior em relação aos daqueles que receberam suplemento à base de farelo de trigo (0,232 vs 0,163 kg/animal/dia). O consumo de matéria seca de pasto foi menor no grupo que recebeu o maior nível de suplementação. A suplementação de novilhas de corte sob pastejo durante o período da seca possibilita aumentar o desempenho produtivo. Em comparação ao farelo de trigo, a utilização da mistura milho/farelo de soja como base da mistura múltipla melhora o desempenho produtivo das novilhas.

This experiment aimed at evaluating the productive performance, intake and the apparent digestibility in the raising of beef heifers on Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. pastures under supplementation with starch or fibrous energy sources during the dry season. It was used 40 newly weaned heifers (20 Nellore and 20 crossbreed), at 8.5 months of age and 197.9 ± 3.74 kg initial weight. Two supplements were formulated: the first was corn meal- and soybean meal-based diet (high in starch) and the second was based on wheat meal (high in fiber), which were given at the quantities of 0.5 or 1.0 kg/animal/day, compared to the offer of only mineral mixture (control). The animals were distributed according to a complete randomized block design in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement with two sources of energy and two levels of supplementation plus the control treatment; the genetic group was used as a measure of local control. The average daily weight gain was higher for the animals under supplementation than those fed only mineral mixture (0.198 vs. 0.077 kg/animal/day). Moreover, performance of the animals under supplementation with starch energy source was higher than those fed wheat meal-based supplement (0.232 vs. 0.163 kg/animal/day). The intake of pasture dry matter was lower for the group given the highest supplementation level. The supplementation of beef heifers under pasture makes it possible to improve the productive performance. Compared to wheat meal, the use of the corn/soybean mixture meal as the basis of multiple mixture improves the productive performance of the heifers.

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências proteicas de bovinos anelorados sob pastejo em cinco piquetes de Brachiaria decumbens. Utilizaram-se 27 animais não-castrados, com peso corporal (PC) médio inicial de 311,0 kg e idade média de 14 meses. Três animais foram abatidos após o período de adaptação para servirem como referência para as estimativas do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) e da composição corporal iniciais dos animais mantidos no experimento. Dos 24 animais restantes, quatro foram designados ao grupo mantença, que teve tempo de pastejo restrito. Os 20 demais foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: mistura mineral, autocontrole e duas frequências de alimentação: três vezes/semana (às segunda, quartas e sextas-feiras) ou diariamente. As exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho diminuíram com o aumento do peso vivo (PV) dos animais. A exigência líquida de proteína encontrada para um animal com peso corporal de 250 kg foi de 153,71 g/kg GPCVZ, enquanto para um animal de 400 kg foi de 141,86 g/kg GPCVZ. A seguinte equação foi obtida para estimativa da proteína retida em relação ao ganho de peso vivo em jejum (GPVJ) e da energia retida (ER): PR (g/dia) = -34,6109 + 257,956*GPVJ – 17,01*ER. As exigências de proteína metabolizável estimadas para mantença e ganho de peso foram de 357,77 e 288,33 g/kg PC, respectivamente, para um bovino não-castrado de 400 kg de PC sob pastejo. Animais que consomem suplementos proteicos apresentam maiores exigências de proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) em comparação a animais sem suplementação, em virtude do maior consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais. Para um animal de 400 kg de PV sob suplementação, as exigências de proteína degradável no rúmen e proteína não-degradável no rúmen são de 764,22 e 73,89, respectivamente, que correspondem à exigência de proteína bruta de 838,10 g/dia.

The objective of this study was to determine the protein requirements of Zebu sterrs grazing grazing five Bracharia decumbens paddocks. Twenty-seven steers averaging initial body weight (BW) of 311.0 kg and 14 months old were used. Three animals were slaughtered after the adaptation peiod to serve as reference for the estimate of empty body weight (EBW), and the initial body composition of the animals kept in the experiment. Among the 24 remaining animals, four were placed in the maintenance group, with restricted grazing time. The other 20 were allotted to four treatments: mineral mixture, self-feed and two feeding frequencies (three times a week, Monday, Wednesday and Friday, or daily. The net protein requirements for gain decreased as body weight increased. The protein requirement detected for an animal with 250 kg BW was 153.71 g/kg EBW, while for an animal of 400 kg live weight it was 141.86 g/kg EBG. The following equation was obtained to estimate the retained protein (RP) in function of the fasting live weight gain (LWG) and the retained energy (RE): RP = -34.6109 + 257.956*LWG – 17.01*RE. The metabolizable protein requirements estimated for maintenance and gain were 357.77 and 288.33 g/kg BW, respectively, for a 400 kg BW grazing steer. The animals fed protein supplementation presented greater degradable protein requirements in the rumen than non-supplemented animals, due the greater intake of total digestible nutrients (TDN). For an animal with 400 kg BW fed protein supplementation, the daily requirements for degradable protein in the rumen and non-degradable protein are, respectively, 764.22 and 73.89 g that corresponded to a crude protein requirement of 838.10 g/day.

Avaliou-se o desempenho de novilhos mestiços Holandês-Zebu em fase de recria recebendo suplementação com fontes de proteína em uma área de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha, cv. Marandu, durante o período das águas. A área foi dividida em piquetes de 1,5 ha, com disponibilidade média de matéria seca e matéria seca potencialmente digestível de 7,46 e 4,50 t/ha, respectivamente. Utilizaram-se 25 novilhos mestiços com peso e idade iniciais médios de 229 kg e 12 meses, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco fontes de proteína e cinco repetições. As fontes de proteína testadas foram mistura mineral - grupo controle (60 g/animal); farelo de soja + farelo de algodão + mistura mineral (510 g/animal); farelo de soja + mistura mineral (460 g/animal); grão de soja triturado e mistura mineral (560 g/animal); grão de soja inteiro e mistura mineral (560 g/animal). Embora sem significância estatística, os animais que receberam suplemento múltiplo apresentaram ganho médio diário de 211 g/animal (23,78%) a mais que aqueles que receberam somente mistura mineral. O uso do suplemento múltiplo à base de farelo de soja e farelo de algodão proporcionou aumento numérico de 247 g/animal em relação à mistura mineral. A suplementação com as fontes de proteína pode proporcionar ganhos adicionais durante o período das águas. A suplementação múltipla proporcionou retorno econômico, indiferentemente da fonte de proteína utilizada.

The performance was evaluated of beef crossbred Holstein-Zebu steers, supplemented with different protein sources on pasture of Brachiaria brizantha, cv. Marandu, during the wet season. The area was divided into paddocks of 1.5 ha, with an availability of dry matter and potentially digestible dry matter of 7.46 and 4.50 t/ha, respectively. Twenty-five animals with 229 kg initial weight and 12 months of age were distributed in a complete randomized design, with five treatments and five replications. The following treatments were evaluated: mineral mix (MM) control group; soybean meal (SM) + cottonseed meal (CM) and MM; SM and MM; ground soybean grain (GGS) and MM; whole soybean grain (WSG) and MM; supplied daily on the amount of 60, 510, 460, 560 and 560 g/animal, respectively. Even without statistical significance, the animals that received the supplement showed a gain of 211 g (23.78%) greater than the animals that received only mineral mix. The use of multiple supplements based on soybean meal and cottonseed meal provided 247g/animal/day greater than the mineral mix. The supplementation with protein sources may provide additional gain during the wet season. Multiple supplementation provided economic return regardless of the protein source evaluated in relation to the control group.

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências de energia de bovinos de corte em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens com suplementação. Foram utilizados 28 novilhos anelorados, não-castrados, com 7 meses de idade e 180 kg de peso vivo inicial. Oito animais foram abatidos em diferentes faixas de peso e serviram como referência. Para determinação das exigências líquidas para ganho de peso, foi construída uma equação de regressão entre o log da energia retida (ER) e o log do ganho de peso de corpo vazio (GPCVZ). As exigências de energia líquida para mantença (ELm) foram estimadas por meio do log da produção de calor (PC) em função do consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM). As eficiências de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença (km) foram estimadas pela relação entre os teores de ELm e a EM da dieta e a eficiência de utilização da energia para ganho de peso (kg) foi estimada como o coeficiente da regressão linear entre a energia retida e o consumo de energia metabolizável. As exigências de ELm de bovinos anelorados sob pastejo foram de 82,4 kcal/PCVZ0,75/dia ou 76,12 kcal/PV0,75/dia. Animais zebuínos não-castrados sob pastejo apresentam exigências líquidas de mantença 5% superiores às de zebuínos em confinamento. As exigências diárias de EMm foram de 149,76 kcal/PCVZ0,75 e a eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença (k m) de animais anelorados sob pastejo foi de 55% e para ganho (k g), de 29%.

The objective in this trial was to estimate the energy requirements of supplemented Zebu bulls grazing Brachiaria decumbens paddocks. Twenty eight intact males, seven months old and initial body weight 180 kg were used. Eight animals were slaughtered as reference, in different weight ranges. The net energy requirements for weight gain were obtained by regressing the log of the retained energy (RE) on the log of empty body weight (EBW). The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were obtained from regression of the log of the heat production (HP) on the metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The efficiency of metabolizable energy use for maintenance (km) was calculated as the ratio of net energy requirements for maintenance to metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) and the slope of the linear regression of retained energy on metabolizable energy intake was considered as an estimate of the efficiency of using metabolizable energy for weight gain (kg). The net energy requirements for maintenance of Zebu bulls, under pasture, was 82.4 kcal/EBW0.75/day or 76.12 kcal/BW0.75/day. Thus, grazing Zebu bulls have about 5% greater net energy requirements for maintenance than feedlot Zebu bulls. The daily requirements of metabolizable energy was 149.76 kcal/EBW0.75, and the efficiency of metabolizable energy used for maintenance (k m) of Zebu bulls under pasture was 55% and for gain (k g) 29%.

Avaliaram-se o desempenho produtivo, o consumo e a digestibilidade em bezerros Nelore em fase de amamentação em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens suplementada com diferentes fontes de energia. A área foi dividida em cinco piquetes de 6,8 ha, com disponibilidade média de matéria seca e matéria seca potencialmente digestível de 4,10 e 2,38 t/ha, respectivamente. Foram utilizados 45 bezerros Nelore, com peso e idade iniciais de 96,0 ± 11,0 kg e 101 ± 12 dias, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 5 × 2 (cinco suplementos e dois sexos). Os suplementos foram: MM - mistura mineral (controle); GM - farelo de soja (FS) + grão de milho triturado (GM) e mistura mineral; FTGM - farelo de soja + farelo de trigo + grão de milho triturado e mistura mineral; FA - farelo de soja + farelo de arroz e mistura mineral; GMS - farelo de soja + grão de milho triturado + grão de sorgo triturados e mistura mineral, fornecidos diariamente na quantidade de 60 g/animal para o grupo controle e 500 g/animal para os demais suplementos. Os animais que receberam suplemento múltiplo com milho e sorgo como fonte de energia proporcionaram ganho diário médio adicional de 100 g/animal (16,39%) em comparação à mistura mineral. O uso do suplemento múltiplo à base de grão de milho como fonte de energia reduziu o consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica de pasto e fibra em detergente neutro em relação às fontes energéticas farelo de arroz e à combinação de milho com sorgo. A suplementação com as fontes de energia, sobretudo as combinações de farelo de trigo e milho ou de milho e sorgo, podem proporcionar ganhos adicionais em animais em creep-feeding. A suplementação múltipla aumenta o consumo de pasto quando se utilizam grão de milho e sorgo combinados como fonte de energia.

The performance, intake and digestibility were evaluated in Nellore beef calves supplemented with different energy sources in Brachiaria decumbens pasture were evaluated. The area was divided into five 6.8 ha paddocks with an availability of dry matter and potentially digestible dry matter of 4.10 and 2.38 t/ha, respectively. Forty-five animals with 96.0 ± 11.0 kg initial weight and 101 ± 12 days of age were allotted to a completely randomized experimental design, as a 5 × 2 factorial (five supplements and two sex). The following supplements were evaluated: mineral mix (MM), control group; soybean meal (SM) + ground corn grain (GCG) and mineral mix; soybean meal + wheat meal + ground corn grain and mineral mix; soybean meal + rice meal and mineral mix; soybean meal + ground sorghum grain + ground corn grain and mineral mix; supplied daily at the amount of 60 g/animal for the control group and 500 g for the other diets, respectively. There was statistical significance for the animals that received supplementation with ground corn grain and ground sorghum grain that showed an additional average daily gain of 100 g (16.39%) higher than the animals that received only mineral mix. The use of multiple supplements based on ground sorghum grain and corn grain increased dry matter intake and forage organic matter more than the diet with ground corn grain. The supplementation with energy sources with ground sorghum grain and corn grain can provide additional average daily gain and increase in forage intake, in animals in creep-feeding.

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências e as eficiências de utilização de energia para ganho de peso e mantença de bovinos de corte em pastejo. A área experimental foi composta de cinco piquetes de Brachiaria decumbens. Utilizaram-se 27 bovinos anelorados não-castrados, com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 311,0 kg e idade média de 14 meses. Três animais foram abatidos após o período de adaptação para servirem como referência para as estimativas do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) e da composição corporal iniciais dos animais mantidos no experimento. Dos 24 restantes, quatro foram designados ao grupo mantença com tempo de pastejo restrito para limitar o consumo de energia a nível próximo da mantença. Os animais restantes (20) foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: mistura mineral, autocontrole, suplemento três vezes/semana (segunda, quarta e sexta); e suplemento diariamente. A exigência líquida de energia para mantença foi estimada como o anti-log do intercepto da equação obtida pela regressão linear entre o logaritmo da produção de calor (PC) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM), assim como pelo coeficiente "a" da equação de regressão exponencial entre a produção de calor e o consumo de energia metabolizável dos animais sob suplementação, juntamente com o daqueles sem suplementação e os do grupo mantença. As quantidades de energia e gordura no ganho aumentaram com o peso vivo dos animais. As exigências de energia líquida para ganho de peso de bovinos anelorados não-castrados em pastejo podem ser obtidas pela equação: ER = 0,0617*PCVZ0,75*GDPCVZ1,0564. O requisito energético diário para mantença foi de 64,00 kcal/PV0,75. A eficiência de uso da EM para mantença estimada foi de 0,64 e a eficiência de uso da EM para ganho de 0,26.

A trial involving 27 zebu bulls at pasture with initial live weight (LW) of 311.0 kg were conducted with the objective of determining their energy requirements. Three animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the trial, performing the reference group; four had restricted grazing time to limit the energy intake to a level close to the maintenance level. The remaining were uniformly allotted to a complete randomized design, into four treatments: mineral mix, self-feeding protein and protein suplementation three times per week (Monday, Tuesday and Friday) and daily. The net energy requirement for maintenance (Nem) was estimated as the antilog of the intercept of the equation obtained by the linear regression between the heat production logarithm (HP) and the metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The "a" coefficient of the exponential equation obtained between HP and MEI was also determined from non-supplemented animals (mineral) and supplemented animals (protein supplementation) plus animals from the maintenance group. The amount of energy and fat in the gain increased as the body weight of the animals increased. The net energy requirements for gain (Neg) of zebu steers can be obtained through the equation: Neg = ER = 0.0617*BW0.75*EBG1.0564. The daily energy requirement for maintenance was 64.00 kcal/LW0.75. The estimated utilization efficiency of ME for maintenance value was 0.64 and the calculated utilization efficiency of ME for gain value was 0.26.

Estudaram-se os efeitos de níveis de energia em suplementos múltiplos sobre o desempenho produtivo e os parâmetros nutricionais de bovinos em fase de terminação mantidos em pastagem de capim-braquiária (B. brizantha cv. Marandu) durante o período de transição águas-seca. Para avaliação do desempenho produtivo, utilizaram-se 24 novilhos mestiços, não-castrados, com 18 meses de idade e peso corporal médio inicial de 330 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em quatro piquetes de 1,5 ha. Avaliaram-se quatro tratamentos: mistura mineral (MM) e suplementos formulados à base de milho e grão de soja em três níveis de fornecimento (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 kg/dia) para permitir consumo de NDT de 0,832; 1,163 e 1,496 kg/dia, respectivamente. Houve efeito linear positivo dos níveis de energia sobre o ganho médio diário e o peso vivo final. Os parâmetros nutricionais foram avaliados em quatro novilhos mestiços não-castrados com peso médio inicial de 300 kg, fistulados no esôfago, rúmen e abomaso, alimentados com dietas semelhantes às dos animais utilizados no experimento de desempenho. Não houve efeito da suplementação sobre o consumo de matéria seca total, mas houve redução linear no consumo de forragem da pastagem (MSP). Os consumos de matéria orgânica proveniente do pasto, de FDN da dieta total e de FDN da pastagem foram afetados linear e negativamente pelos níveis de energia. Não foram encontrados efeitos dos níveis de suplementação sobre a digestibilidade total dos nutrientes, com exceção da PB, que foi influenciada de forma quadrática pelos níveis de suplementação. Ganhos de peso adicionais de 20 a 30% podem ser obtidos com quantidades crescentes de energia na fase de terminação, contudo, esses ganhos dependem da substituição do consumo de forragem pelo suplemento.

The effects of energy levels in multiple supplements on productive performance and nutritional parameters were evaluated of finishing beef cattle grazing palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), during the rainy to dry transition season. For the performance evaluation, 24 crossbred bulls, 18 month old and 330 kg of initial body weight (BW), were distributed to a completely randomized design, in four paddocks of 1.5 ha each. Four treatments were evaluated: mineral mix (MM) and corn and whole soybean grain based supplements offered in three levels: 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 kg/d, allowing TDN intake of, respectively, 0.832; 1.163 and 1.496 kg/d. There was a positive linear effect of the energy levels on the average daily gain and on the final body weight. The nutritional parameters were assessed in four crossbred bulls , with average initial 300 kg BW, fitted with esophageal, ruminal and abomasal cannula, and fed similar diets of those animals used in the performance. There was no ffect of supplementation on dry matter intake (DMI), although it was observed a linear reduction in forage intake. The intakes organic matter from pasture, of the NDF from the total diet and of the pasture was negative linearly affected by the energy levels. There were not observed effects of supplementation levels on the total apparent digestibility of the nutrients, except for CP, which showed a quadratic effect by the level of supplementation. Additional weight gain, ranging from 20 to 30%, can be obtained in beef cattle supplemented with increasing amounts of energy during the finishing phase; however, those gains depend of the substitution of forage intake by the supplement.